Madagascar Expedition 2023

This past April, we embarked on a trip to Madagascar that was 3 years in the making (postponed by COVID-19). Our main three field sites included 1) Anjozorobe, a high plateau forests in Madagascar, 2) Andasibe, which harbors a National Park with lush rainforest, and 3) Ankanin’ny Nofy, a beautiful coastline site located on a peninsula in eastern Madagascar. Below are photos highlighting some of our incredible wildlife sightings, from chameleons, to lemurs and of course so many unique insects and other amazing invertebrates.

Zooming in on the scales of a Perinet chameleon, also known as the Malagasy side-striped chameleon.

A waxy planthopper

We spotted several of these wonderful satanic leaf-tailed geckos, Uroplatus phantasticus, a species indigenous to the island of Madagascar. As the name implies, their tails are spitting images of flat, dead leaves, down to the tiniest of details for camouflage.

Following our stay in Anjozorobe, we next set out to the lush rainforests of Andasibe. In this locality, up to 100 species of amphibians and 30 species of snakes have been recorded.

The diademed sifaka, Propithecus diadema, an endangered species of sifaka, one of the lemurs endemic to rainforests in eastern Madagascar, followed by the Indri, Indri indri, one of the largest living lemurs.

Sounds on! Listen to the territorial call of the Indri

We spent four full days exploring the rainforest in and around Andasibe-Mantadia National Park. We hiked along the Tsakoka and Rianasoa trails and the protected area of Vohimana, an off-the-beaten-track reserve where we photographed species usually not found at Andasibe.

I mistook this planthopper for a colorful moth at first - those wings are 🔥

One of my favorite arachnid finds in Madagascar, the scorpion-tailed spider (Arachnura genus). I would have guessed the tail-like structure could have evolved as a modified spinneret organ but looks to be a completely separate appendage. Video at the end shows a little tail-curl. Presumably used to deter would-be parasitoids?

The giraffe weevil Trachelophorus giraffa is a weevil found across parts of Southern Africa, India, and southeast Asia. As the name implies, this species has a peculiar extended neck, much like that of a giraffe. It is much more pronounced in the male (right) compared to the female (left).

The stalk-eyed fly showcases another bizarre case of sexual dimorphism. Belonging to the family Diopsidae, members possess "eyestalks", long projections from sides of the head with eyes at the end.

We also hiked the poorly-explored Iaroka forest and visited Mitsinjo, a community-run reserve known for its incredible diversity of frog species. During the nights, we explored the trails at Mitsinjo and Analamazaotra reserves.

Vohimana forest in Madagascar, home to the bizarre and beautiful ‘Lance-nose’ chameleon Calumma gallus

Beautiful iridescent feathers of a sunbird

Finally, we set out on a long drive from Andasibe to a two- hour motorized canoe ride which took us to Ankanin’ny Nofy, a beautiful coastline site in a relaxing shoreline atmosphere and stayed at hotel Palmarium.

Pitcher plants Nepenthes madagascariensis, at Lake Ampitabe, Ankanin’ny Nofy, Madagascar

The ‘Galaxy’ caterpillar, a type of moth in the genus Eudocima, spotted on our trip in Madagascar. Those little blue spots and ‘false eye’ patterns are mesmerizing ✨ If you stare long enough you may get sucked into a back hole and vanish from the known universe…

We spent three full days in the paradisiac Ankanin’ny Nofy doing jungle walks to photograph wildlife inlcuding frogs, chameleons, snakes, and lemurs. One of the nights, we visited an island to photograph the enigmatic Aye-Aye, one of the world’s strangest mammals.

The aye-aye Daubentonia madagascariensis is a long-fingered lemur, native to Madagascar with rodent-like teeth and a thin, elongated middle finger.

A once in a lifetime trip. Many thanks to our guides, Frank Pichardo and Jose Vieira at Tropical Herping, and Rainer Dolch, who made it an unforgettable wildlife experience.

Exploring extreme microbes in Antarctica with extremely fast sequencing technology

On January 14, 2023, I had the opportunity to visit Antarctica with a cohort of invited speakers for an event called ‘Congreso Futuro’ in Chile. For the excursion, I teamed up with another scientist, Matías Gutiérrez, to perform ultra-fast DNA sequencing on-site, using entirely portable laboratory equipment. The objective was to demonstrate that it was possible to collect a small amount of the Antarctic soil and begin sequencing genetic information of the microbes present within the environment, all in less than one hour.

Holding up the portable ‘MinION Mk1C’ device in Antarctica. The screen shows a live interface of the DNA sequencing taking place right then and there.

Upon arrival, we managed to analyze environmental samples associated with moss and lichen, which we collected near the Professor Julio Escudero base of the Chilean Antarctic Institute. Historically, an experiment like this could take several weeks from sample collection in a remote area to analysis in a molecular biology laboratory. Obtaining the answers to research questions in extreme places like Antarctica allows scientists to investigate and ask new questions while still there.

Matías Gutiérrez explained “This is a great milestone given that it is the first time that such rapid sequencing has been carried out in the Chilean Antarctic, but also and perhaps more important is demonstrating that any Chilean scientist can study the genetics of any biological sample, anywhere and at any time. Carrying out this sequencing in the Chilean Antarctic is a powerful testimony to the potential of this technology.”

Moss and lichens native to Antarctica. Life can not only survive in this extreme environment, it can thrive.

Why might we care about microbes that live in Antarctica? Well, no doubt Antarctica is an extreme environment. But life can still thrive here. Scientists investigate these organisms to unlock the secrets of their adaptations, such as the ability to survive incredibly cold temperatures and high levels of radiation, and we believe nanopore sequencing is a powerful tool in this toolkit to improve access to genomics and explore life on earth.

However, time is not on our side. In light of climate change, we must seek to speed up the process of scientific inquiry and make access to tools more equitable. Especially in remote regions of the planet like Antarctica, where we have probably only scratched the surface of biodiversity. This is where miniaturized and accessible sequencing technology can play a critical role, serving as a powerful tool that improves access to genomics and enables scientists around the world to obtain their own DNA sequencing devices and explore life on Earth. Even in places as remote as Antarctica.

Aaron and Matias showcasing the live DNA sequencing run, which was initiated within one hour of collecting samples in Antarctica.

The following week during the official Congreso Futuro event, the President of Chile, Gabriel Boric, hosted guest speakers one evening. While there, we had the opportunity to meet President Boric, discussed the potential of democratizing genomics, and introduced him to the portable MinION device. He was incredibly impressed by the technology and the implications of accessible DNA sequencing, especially for biodiversity and science education. During the event, President Boric noted that Chile’s 2023 budget features a 13.3 percent increase in science investment, a sign that his administration “has the conviction that science and knowledge are the pillar of our development.”

The President of Chile holding the MinION device

Finally, on Friday January 20, I delivered our invited speaker presentation, which was live streamed with >20,000 views, and the recordings are on YouTube. I’ve linked the portion of my presentation which starts at ~3:27:22 in and goes until 3:43:57 here: https://www.youtube.com/live/2hfcow4EhXo?feature=share&t=12442

Presenting at Congreso Futuro on the topic of ‘Democratizing genomics, from the Amazon to Antarctica and beyond’

The main theme of the talk was centered around how we are experiencing a revolution in our ability to obtain and understand biological information like never before, and this is in part because the tools to acquire this information, especially the information of the genome, are becoming more accessible than ever before.

We are all familiar with how computing has evolved, from what initially started out as large and complicated devices that were inaccessible to the majority. In contrast, we’re all quite aware how this has changed - we all have cell phones in our pockets now, and this has fundamentally changed our lives, especially by giving us access to digital information like never before.

Similarly, DNA sequencing technologies have also evolved. What started out as very large and expensive devices, that were relegated to a few institutions that could access these tools. But we’ve come a long way since then, and indeed we’ve also gotten to the point now where these devices for DNA sequencing can be used in the lab and even out in the field. We are beginning to realize the potential of “enabling the analysis of anything, by anyone, anywhere.

We are thankful for the invitation and opportunity to participate in Congreso Futuro, and would like to also acknowledge the Chilean Antarctic Institute (INACH) and the Chilean Armed Forces for logistical and field support to Antarctica.

New publication: how to make an 'invisible' butterfly

I'm happy to share a new publication from my dissertation, 'Developmental, cellular and biochemical basis of transparency in clearwing butterflies' in the Journal of Experimental Biology (here’s a Twitter thread that outlines some of the main takeaways).

This has been a fun collaborative project, combining developmental biology, biochemistry and optical physics to find out how living organisms can 'become invisible' in order to camouflage in their environment on land. For these clearwing species, we found that the trick to becoming highly transparent involves morphological innovations, such as modified wing scales and wax-based anti-reflective nanostructures on the wing surface.

Understanding how nature produces such intricate micro- and nanostructures can provide bioinspiration for new anti-reflective materials (for instance, coatings that increase the efficiency of solar panels).

Here is a PDF of the paper and an article write-up on the study can be found here: Intricate structures on butterfly wings could inspire anti-glare technologies

Please let me know if you have any questions!